- FERNS
- Cyatheaceae
- Dicksoniaceae
- GYMNOSPERMS
- Araucariaceae
- Cupressaceae
- Athrotaxis selaginoides (King Billy pine)
- Calocedrus decurrens (California incense-cedar)
- Chamaecyparis obtusa (Japanese cypress)
- Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar)
- Juniperus communis (common juniper)
- Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood)
- Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia)
- Thuja occidentalis (white-cedar)
- Thuja plicata (western redcedar)
- Cycadaceae
- Pinaceae
- Abies alba (European silver fir)
- Abies amabilis (Pacific silver fir)
- Abies balsamea (balsam fir)
- Abies firma (momi fir)
- Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir)
- Abies lowiana (California white fir)
- Abies magnifica (red fir)
- Abies nordmanniana (Nordmann fir)
- Abies procera (noble fir)
- Abies sachalinensis (Sakhalin fir)
- Larix decidua (European larch)
- Larix laricina (tamarack larch)
- Picea abies (Norway spruce)
- Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce)
- Picea glauca (white spruce)
- Picea jezoensis (jezo spruce)
- Picea mariana (black spruce)
- Picea obovata (Siberian spruce)
- Picea orientalis (Caucasian spruce)
- Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce)
- Pinus albicaulis (whitebark pine)
- Pinus banksiana (jack pine)
- Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine)
- Pinus heldreichii (Bosnian pine)
- Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey pine)
- Pinus lambertiana (sugar pine)
- Pinus monticola (western white pine)
- Pinus nigra (European black pine)
- Pinus peuce (Macedonian pine)
- Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine)
- Pinus pumila (Siberian dwarf pine)
- Pinus resinosa (red pine)
- Pinus strobus (eastern white pine)
- Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine)
- Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir)
- Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock)
- Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock)
- Tsuga mertensiana (mountain hemlock)
- Tsuga sieboldii (southern Japanese hemlock)
- Podocarpaceae
- Taxaceae
- Zamiaceae
- ANGIOSPERMS
- Adoxaceae
- Sambucus nigra (black elder)
- Sambucus palmensis
- Sambucus racemosa (red elderberry)
- Viburnum opulus (guelder rose)
- Viburnum rigidum
- Apocynaceae
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex aquifolium (European holly)
- Ilex canariensis (small-leaved holly)
- Ilex colchica
- Ilex integra (mochi tree)
- Araliaceae
- Arecaceae
- Archontophoenix alexandrae (Alexandra palm)
- Licuala ramsayi (fan palm)
- Linospadix minor (walking stick palm)
- Normanbya normanbyi (black palm)
- Oncosperma horridum
- Asteraceae
- Bedfordia arborescens (blanket leaf)
- Bedfordia salicina (blanket leaf)
- Olearia argophylla (musk daisybush)
- Atherospermataceae
- Betulaceae
- Alnus glutinosa (black alder)
- Alnus incana (grey alder)
- Alnus rubra (red alder)
- Alnus viridis (green alder)
- Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch)
- Betula cordifolia (mountain paper birch)
- Betula ermanii (Erman's birch)
- Betula medwediewii (Caucasian birch)
- Betula occidentalis (water birch)
- Betula papyrifera (paper birch)
- Betula pendula (silver birch)
- Betula pubescens (downy birch)
- Carpinus betulus (European hornbeam)
- Carpinus orientalis (oriental hornbeam)
- Corylus avellana (common hazel)
- Corylus colurna (Turkish hazel)
- Ostrya carpinifolia (hop hornbeam)
- Ostrya virginiana (American hophornbeam)
- Buxaceae
- Calophyllaceae
- Casuarinaceae
- Cercidiphyllaceae
- Clethraceae
- Cornaceae
- Cunoniaceae
- Anodopetalum biglandulosum (horizontal)
- Eucryphia lucida (leatherwood)
- Vesselowskya rubifolia (southern marara)
- Daphniphyllaceae
- Dipterocarpaceae
- Dipterocarpus cornutus
- Dipterocarpus crinitus
- Dipterocarpus grandiflorus
- Dipterocarpus oblongifolius
- Dryobalanops oblongifolia
- Shorea curtisii
- Shorea faguetiana
- Shorea leprosula
- Ebenaceae
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeocarpaceae
- Aceratium megalospermum (carabeen)
- Elaeocarpus holopetalus (black olive berry)
- Elaeocarpus reticulatus (blueberry ash)
- Elaeocarpus sylvestris
- Sloanea langii (white carabeen)
- Ericaceae
- Erica arborea (heath tree)
- Erica scoparia (besom heath)
- Rhododendron ponticum (pontic rhododendron)
- Rhododendron tashiroi
- Rhododendron ungernii
- Trochocarpa montana (mountain tree heath)
- Vaccinium arctostaphylos (Caucasian whortleberry)
- Vaccinium padifolium
- Escalloniaceae
- Euphorbiaceae
- Fabaceae
- Acacia celsa (hickory wattle)
- Acacia dealbata (silver wattle)
- Acacia falciformis (mountain hickory)
- Acacia floribunda (gossamer wattle)
- Acacia melanoxylon (Australian blackwood)
- Albizia julibrissin (Persian silk tree)
- Intsia palembanica
- Koompassia excelsa
- Koompassia malaccensis
- Parkia speciosa
- Fagaceae
- Castanea sativa (sweet chestnut)
- Fagus grandifolia (American beech)
- Fagus orientalis (oriental beech)
- Fagus sylvatica (European beech)
- Quercus acuta (Japanese evergreen oak)
- Quercus castaneifolia (chestnut-leaved oak)
- Quercus cerris (Turkey oak)
- Quercus kelloggii (California black oak)
- Quercus macranthera (Caucasian oak)
- Quercus mongolica (Mongolian oak)
- Quercus petraea (sessile oak)
- Quercus robur (pedunculate oak)
- Quercus rubra (northern red oak)
- Hamamelidaceae
- Lamiaceae
- Lauraceae
- Cryptocarya mackinnoniana (rusty laurel)
- Laurus novocanariensis
- Neolitsea aciculata
- Ocotea foetens
- Persea indica
- Magnoliaceae
- Malvaceae
- Argyrodendron peralatum (red crowsfoot)
- Franciscodendron laurifolium (cabbage crowsfoot)
- Heritiera littoralis (keeled-pod mangrove)
- Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood)
- Pterocymbium tinctorium
- Tilia begoniifolia (Caucasian linden)
- Tilia cordata (small-leaved linden)
- Tilia maximowicziana
- Tilia platyphyllos (large-leaved linden)
- Meliaceae
- Monimiaceae
- Moraceae
- Myricaceae
- Myristicaceae
- Myrtaceae
- Backhousia bancroftii (Johnstone River hardwood)
- Eucalyptus amygdalina (black peppermint)
- Eucalyptus angophoroides (apple-topped box)
- Eucalyptus cypellocarpa (mountain grey gum)
- Eucalyptus dalrympleana (white mountain gum)
- Eucalyptus delegatensis (alpine ash)
- Eucalyptus fastigata (brown barrel)
- Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum)
- Eucalyptus macarthurii (Camden woollybutt)
- Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (red stringybark)
- Eucalyptus muelleriana (yellow stringybark)
- Eucalyptus nitida (Smithton peppermint)
- Eucalyptus obliqua (messmate stringybark)
- Eucalyptus pauciflora (snow gum)
- Eucalyptus pseudoglobulus (Gippsland blue gum)
- Eucalyptus regnans (mountain ash)
- Eucalyptus viminalis (manna gum)
- Leptospermum lanigerum (woolly tea-tree)
- Lindsayomyrtus racemoides (Daintree penda)
- Melaleuca squarrosa (scented paperbark)
- Rhodamnia sessiliflora (iron malletwood)
- Syzygium hedraiophyllum (red satinash)
- Syzygium monimioides (satinash)
- Syzygium wesa (white Eungella gum)
- Tristaniopsis laurina (water gum)
- Tristaniopsis whiteana
- Xanthostemon chrysanthus (golden penda)
- Nothofagaceae
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus americana (white ash)
- Fraxinus angustifolia (narrow-leaved ash)
- Fraxinus excelsior (European ash)
- Fraxinus nigra (black ash)
- Fraxinus ornus (manna ash)
- Fraxinus pennsylvanica (red ash)
- Notelaea venosa (veined mock-olive)
- Olea paniculata (marblewood)
- Picconia excelsa
- Pandanaceae
- Pittosporaceae
- Bursaria spinosa (prickly box)
- Pittosporum bicolor (banyalla)
- Pittosporum undulatum (sweet pittosporum)
- Proteaceae
- Banksia marginata (silver banksia)
- Cenarrhenes nitida (Port Arthur plum)
- Lomatia myricoides (river lomatia)
- Musgravea stenostachya (grey silky oak)
- Neorites kevedianus (fishtail silky oak)
- Rhamnaceae
- Frangula alnus (alder buckthorn)
- Frangula purshiana (cascara buckthorn)
- Pomaderris apetala (dogwood)
- Pomaderris aspera (hazel pomaderris)
- Rhamnus glandulosa
- Rhizophoraceae
- Rosaceae
- Amelanchier alnifolia (saskatoon)
- Amelanchier arborea (downy serviceberry)
- Aria alnifolia (alder-leafed whitebeam)
- Aria edulis (whitebeam)
- Crataegus douglasii (black hawthorn)
- Crataegus germanica (common medlar)
- Crataegus laevigata (midland hawthorn)
- Crataegus monogyna (single-seeded hawthorn)
- Crataegus rhipidophylla (sawtoothed hawthorn)
- Hedlundia austriaca (Austrian whitebeam)
- Malus fusca (Pacific crabapple)
- Prunus avium (wild cherry)
- Prunus cerasifera (cherry plum)
- Prunus laurocerasus (cherry laurel)
- Prunus maximowiczii (Miyama cherry)
- Prunus nipponica
- Prunus pensylvanica (pin cherry)
- Prunus virginiana (chokecherry)
- Pyrus communis (wild pear)
- Sorbus americana (American mountain-ash)
- Sorbus aucuparia (European rowan)
- Sorbus commixta (Japanese rowan)
- Sorbus decora (showy mountain-ash)
- Torminalis clusii (wild service tree)
- Rutaceae
- Dinosperma stipitatum (mountain turkey bush)
- Medicosma fareana (white aspen)
- Nematolepis squamea (lancewood)
- Phellodendron amurense (Amur cork tree)
- Salicaceae
- Populus balsamifera (balsam poplar)
- Populus deltoides (plains cottonwood)
- Populus grandidentata (large-tooth aspen)
- Populus nigra (black poplar)
- Populus tremula (common aspen)
- Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen)
- Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood)
- Salix alba (white willow)
- Salix bebbiana (beaked willow)
- Salix canariensis
- Salix caprea (goat willow)
- Salix exigua (sandbar willow)
- Salix hultenii
- Salix pentandra (bay willow)
- Salix sitchensis (Sitka willow)
- Salix viminalis (common osier)
- Santalaceae
- Sapindaceae
- Acer campestre (field maple)
- Acer cappadocicum (Cappadocian maple)
- Acer circinatum (vine maple)
- Acer glabrum (Douglas maple)
- Acer heldreichii (Heldreich's maple)
- Acer hyrcanum (Balkan maple)
- Acer japonicum (downy Japanese maple)
- Acer macrophyllum (bigleaf maple)
- Acer pensylvanicum (striped maple)
- Acer pictum (painted maple)
- Acer platanoides (Norway maple)
- Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple)
- Acer rubrum (red maple)
- Acer saccharum (sugar maple)
- Acer spicatum (mountain maple)
- Acer trautvetteri (red-bud maple)
- Acer tschonoskii
- Acer ukurunduense (ukurundu maple)
- Acer velutinum (velvet maple)
- Sapotaceae
- Symplocaceae
- Tetramelaceae
- Theaceae
- Trochodendraceae
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus americana (American elm)
- Ulmus glabra (wych elm)
- Ulmus laevis (European white elm)
- Ulmus minor (field elm)
- Winteraceae
Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine, Pinaceae)
- Old P. sylvestris on rocky site. Other trees: P. sylvestris with reddish trunks and Picea abies (Norway spruce) with dense foliage. Tyresta National Park, Sweden.
- Low P. sylvestris forest at dry rocky site. Juniperus communis (common juniper, centre foreground) and Betula pendula (silver birch, right background). Tyresta National Park, Sweden.
- Two large Populus tremula (common aspen) on the left, the left one dead. Dead P. sylvestris, centre foreground; dead Picea abies (Norway spruce), right foreground; P. abies, other trees. Tyresta National Park, Sweden.
- Low P. sylvestris forest at dry rocky site. Small Picea abies (Norway spruce) and Betula pubescens (downy birch). Tyresta National Park, Sweden.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce) forest in moist valley. P. sylvestris (with coarse bark) and Betula pendula (silver birch, with white bark). Tyresta National Park, Sweden.
- Bog with Betula pubescens (downy birch). Right foreground: small P. sylvestris and Salix pentandra (bay willow). Tyresta National Park, Sweden.
- Spruce mire with Picea abies (Norway spruce). P. sylvestris (with coarse bark) and Betula pubescens (downy birch). Tyresta National Park, Sweden.
- Pyhä-Häkki National Park, Finland.
- Pyhä-Häkki National Park, Finland.
- P. sylvestris forest regenerated after wildfire in 1855. Picea abies (Norway spruce) sapling, right. Pyhä-Häkki National Park, Finland, at 175 m.
- Forest on dry soil with P. sylvestris (foreground and red trunks in the background), Picea abies (Norway spruce, with dark foliage) and Betula pendula (silver birch, with white bark). Pyhä-Häkki National Park, Finland, at 175 m.
- P. sylvestris forest. Left also Picea abies (Norway spruce), right also Betula pubescens (downy birch). Kotajärvi in Pyhä-Häkki National Park, Finland, at 165 m.
- P. sylvestris (with coarse lower bark and reddish upper bark), Picea abies (Norway spruce) and shrub-like Sorbus aucuparia (European rowan). Pyhä-Häkki National Park, Finland. Elev. 170 m.
- Alnus incana (grey alder), foreground. P. sylvestris, left. Picea abies (Norway spruce), right. Pyhä-Häkki National Park, Finland.
- Boggy forest with P. sylvestris (red trunks, background), Alnus glutinosa (black alder, dark trunks), Betula pubescens (downy birch, white trunks) and Picea abies (Norway spruce, foliage on the right). Pyhä-Häkki National Park, Finland, at 165 m.
- All the tree species of Pyhä-Häkki National Park, Finland.
- Vätsäri Wilderness Area, Finland.
- Vätsäri Wilderness Area, Finland.
- Vätsäri Wilderness Area, Finland.
- Vätsäri Wilderness Area, Finland.
- Vätsäri Wilderness Area, Finland.
- Vätsäri Wilderness Area, Finland.
- Vätsäri Wilderness Area, Finland.
- Vätsäri Wilderness Area, Finland.
- Vätsäri Wilderness Area, Finland.
- P. sylvestris and Betula pubescens var. pumila (arctic downy birch). Vätsäri Wilderness Area, Finland.
- Koutukinsaari (island) with P. sylvestris. In the left background Käräjäsaari mainly covered by Betula pubescens var. pumila (arctic downy birch). Vätsäri Wilderness Area, Finland.
- Gutulia National Park, Norway.
- Gutulia National Park, Norway.
- P. sylvestris and some Picea abies (Norway spruce) with dense foliage. Gutulia National Park, Norway.
- Fen with P. sylvestris and some small Picea abies (Norway spruce). Tall P. abies in the background. Gutulia National Park, Norway.
- Wet fen. In the forest P. sylvestris and Betula pubescens var. pumila (arctic downy birch). Gutulia National Park, Norway.
- Betula pubescens var. pumila (arctic downy birch) and P. sylvestris at forest limit. In the background also a few Picea abies (Norway spruce). Gutulia National Park, Norway.
- Spruce mire with dominant Picea abies (Norway spruce). P. sylvestris with rough bark and the dead tree, right. Gutulia National Park, Norway.
- Mesic Picea abies (Norway spruce) forest. P. sylvestris behind the big P. abies, left centre. Gutulia National Park, Norway.
- P. sylvestris dominated forest in Gutulia National Park, Norway.
- Urho Kekkonen National Park, Finland.
- Urho Kekkonen National Park, Finland.
- Betula pubescens var. pumila (arctic downy birch) - P. sylvestris woodland. At the small lake (Pikku Luirojärvi, elev. 321 m.) Picea obovata (Siberian spruce) stand. Urho Kekkonen National Park, Finland.
- Old, large P. sylvestris. In the background P. sylvestris, Picea abies (Norway spruce, with dense foliage) and Betula (with white trunk). Salamajärvi National Park, Finland.
- P. sylvestris (with reddish upper trunk), Picea abies (Norway spruce, with dark green foliage) and Betula pendula (silver birch). Salamajärvi National Park, Finland.
- Light sparse P. sylvestris forest. Also Picea abies (Norway spruce, with dense foliage) and Betula pendula (silver birch). Salamajärvi National Park, Finland.
- Moist forest with old P. sylvestris (centre foreground and background), Populus tremula (common aspen, large tree, right centre), Betula pubescens (downy birch, smaller trees) and shrub-like Alnus incana (grey alder). Salamajärvi National Park, Finland.
- Mire with stunted P. sylvestris and Betula pubescens (downy birch). P. sylvestris forest in the background. Salamajärvi National Park, Finland.
- Bog with stunted P. sylvestris. In the background P. sylvestris forest with some Picea abies (Norway spruce, dark green crowns) and Betula. Salamajärvi National Park, Finland.
- Dry P. sylvestris forest. Picea abies (Norway spruce, with dense foliage) and Betula pendula (silver birch, foreground). Isojärvi National Park, Finland.
- P. sylvestris forest. Picea abies (Norway spruce, with dark green crowns) and Betula pendula (silver birch, broadleaf trees). Isojärvi National Park, Finland.
- Small bog with stunted P. sylvestris. In the background forest with P. sylvestris, Picea abies (Norway spruce, narrow crowns) and Betula (light green crowns). Salamanperä Strict Nature Reserve, Finland.
- Foreground: P. sylvestris and Betula pubescens (downy birch). Background: P. sylvestris forest with some Picea abies (Norway spruce, narrow crowns) and Betula pendula (silver birch, light green crowns). Salamanperä Strict Nature Reserve, Finland.
- P. sylvestris (with coarse lower bark and reddish upper bark), Picea abies (Norway spruce, with dense foliage), Betula pendula (silver birch, with white bark), saplings of Sorbus aucuparia (European rowan) and shrub-like Juniperus communis (common juniper, centre). Salamanperä Strict Nature Reserve, Finland.
- P. sylvestris, Picea abies (Norway spruce, narrow crowns) and Betula (light green crowns). Salamanperä Strict Nature Reserve, Finland.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce) - P. sylvestris (with coarse lower and reddish upper bark) forest. Betula pubescens (downy birch) saplings. Kurjenrahka National Park, Finland.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce) forest. P. sylvestris (centre foreground). Sorbus aucuparia (European rowan) saplings. Kurjenrahka National Park, Finland.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce) forest. Also P. sylvestris (with reddish upper trunk) and Sorbus aucuparia (European rowan) saplings. Kurjenrahka National Park, Finland.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce) dominated forest. P. sylvestris (reddish trunks). Betula pubescens (downy birch, right foreground). Sorbus aucuparia (European rowan) saplings. Kurjenrahka National Park, Finland.
- In the foreground Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (sessile oak). In the background mainly P. sylvestris. Borjomi Strict Nature Reserve, Georgia.
- Cornus mas (Cornelian cherry) foliage (left foreground), Carpinus orientalis (oriental hornbeam) foliage (right foreground), Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (sessile oak, background) and P. sylvestris (straight trunk). Borjomi Strict Nature Reserve, Georgia.
- Some trees (and tall shrubs) at lower elevations of Borjomi Strict Nature Reserve, Georgia. T. dasystyla subsp. caucasica = T. begoniifolia.
- P. sylvestris (reddish trunks), Picea abies (Norway spruce, dark crowns) and Betula pendula (silver birch, light green crowns). Lakeshore of Luomajärvi. Helvetinjärvi National Park, Finland.
- Pinus nigra (European black pine) grove. Also two P. sylvestris (left with reddish trunks), saplings of Fagus sylvatica (European beech) and Abies alba (European silver fir). Baiuvi dupki-Dzhindzhiritsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bulgaria.
- Wind fall in Picea abies (Norway spruce) forest. P. sylvestris (reddish trunk on the left), Betula pubescens (downy birch, centre background with white trunk) and small Sorbus aucuparia (European rowan, right). Patvinsuo National Park, Finland.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce) forest. P. sylvestris (centre background with rough bark) and Betula pendula (silver birch, left with white trunk). Patvinsuo National Park, Finland.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce) forest. P. sylvestris (reddish trunks in the background) and Betula pendula (silver birch, background right with whitish trunk). Patvinsuo National Park, Finland.
