- FERNS
- Cyatheaceae
- Dicksoniaceae
- GYMNOSPERMS
- Araucariaceae
- Cupressaceae
- Athrotaxis selaginoides (King Billy pine)
- Calocedrus decurrens (California incense-cedar)
- Chamaecyparis obtusa (Japanese cypress)
- Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar)
- Juniperus communis (common juniper)
- Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood)
- Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia)
- Thuja occidentalis (white-cedar)
- Thuja plicata (western redcedar)
- Cycadaceae
- Pinaceae
- Abies alba (European silver fir)
- Abies amabilis (Pacific silver fir)
- Abies balsamea (balsam fir)
- Abies firma (momi fir)
- Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir)
- Abies lowiana (California white fir)
- Abies magnifica (red fir)
- Abies nordmanniana (Nordmann fir)
- Abies procera (noble fir)
- Abies sachalinensis (Sakhalin fir)
- Larix decidua (European larch)
- Larix laricina (tamarack larch)
- Picea abies (Norway spruce)
- Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce)
- Picea glauca (white spruce)
- Picea jezoensis (jezo spruce)
- Picea mariana (black spruce)
- Picea obovata (Siberian spruce)
- Picea orientalis (Caucasian spruce)
- Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce)
- Pinus albicaulis (whitebark pine)
- Pinus banksiana (jack pine)
- Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine)
- Pinus heldreichii (Bosnian pine)
- Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey pine)
- Pinus lambertiana (sugar pine)
- Pinus monticola (western white pine)
- Pinus nigra (European black pine)
- Pinus peuce (Macedonian pine)
- Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine)
- Pinus pumila (Siberian dwarf pine)
- Pinus resinosa (red pine)
- Pinus strobus (eastern white pine)
- Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine)
- Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir)
- Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock)
- Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock)
- Tsuga mertensiana (mountain hemlock)
- Tsuga sieboldii (southern Japanese hemlock)
- Podocarpaceae
- Taxaceae
- Zamiaceae
- ANGIOSPERMS
- Adoxaceae
- Sambucus nigra (black elder)
- Sambucus palmensis
- Sambucus racemosa (red elderberry)
- Viburnum opulus (guelder rose)
- Viburnum rigidum
- Apocynaceae
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex aquifolium (European holly)
- Ilex canariensis (small-leaved holly)
- Ilex colchica
- Ilex integra (mochi tree)
- Araliaceae
- Arecaceae
- Archontophoenix alexandrae (Alexandra palm)
- Licuala ramsayi (fan palm)
- Linospadix minor (walking stick palm)
- Normanbya normanbyi (black palm)
- Oncosperma horridum
- Asteraceae
- Bedfordia arborescens (blanket leaf)
- Bedfordia salicina (blanket leaf)
- Olearia argophylla (musk daisybush)
- Atherospermataceae
- Betulaceae
- Alnus glutinosa (black alder)
- Alnus incana (grey alder)
- Alnus rubra (red alder)
- Alnus viridis (green alder)
- Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch)
- Betula cordifolia (mountain paper birch)
- Betula ermanii (Erman's birch)
- Betula medwediewii (Caucasian birch)
- Betula occidentalis (water birch)
- Betula papyrifera (paper birch)
- Betula pendula (silver birch)
- Betula pubescens (downy birch)
- Carpinus betulus (European hornbeam)
- Carpinus orientalis (oriental hornbeam)
- Corylus avellana (common hazel)
- Corylus colurna (Turkish hazel)
- Ostrya carpinifolia (hop hornbeam)
- Ostrya virginiana (American hophornbeam)
- Buxaceae
- Calophyllaceae
- Casuarinaceae
- Cercidiphyllaceae
- Clethraceae
- Cornaceae
- Cunoniaceae
- Anodopetalum biglandulosum (horizontal)
- Eucryphia lucida (leatherwood)
- Vesselowskya rubifolia (southern marara)
- Daphniphyllaceae
- Dipterocarpaceae
- Dipterocarpus cornutus
- Dipterocarpus crinitus
- Dipterocarpus grandiflorus
- Dipterocarpus oblongifolius
- Dryobalanops oblongifolia
- Shorea curtisii
- Shorea faguetiana
- Shorea leprosula
- Ebenaceae
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeocarpaceae
- Aceratium megalospermum (carabeen)
- Elaeocarpus holopetalus (black olive berry)
- Elaeocarpus reticulatus (blueberry ash)
- Elaeocarpus sylvestris
- Sloanea langii (white carabeen)
- Ericaceae
- Erica arborea (heath tree)
- Erica scoparia (besom heath)
- Rhododendron ponticum (pontic rhododendron)
- Rhododendron tashiroi
- Rhododendron ungernii
- Trochocarpa montana (mountain tree heath)
- Vaccinium arctostaphylos (Caucasian whortleberry)
- Vaccinium padifolium
- Escalloniaceae
- Euphorbiaceae
- Fabaceae
- Acacia celsa (hickory wattle)
- Acacia dealbata (silver wattle)
- Acacia falciformis (mountain hickory)
- Acacia floribunda (gossamer wattle)
- Acacia melanoxylon (Australian blackwood)
- Albizia julibrissin (Persian silk tree)
- Intsia palembanica
- Koompassia excelsa
- Koompassia malaccensis
- Parkia speciosa
- Fagaceae
- Castanea sativa (sweet chestnut)
- Fagus grandifolia (American beech)
- Fagus orientalis (oriental beech)
- Fagus sylvatica (European beech)
- Quercus acuta (Japanese evergreen oak)
- Quercus castaneifolia (chestnut-leaved oak)
- Quercus cerris (Turkey oak)
- Quercus kelloggii (California black oak)
- Quercus macranthera (Caucasian oak)
- Quercus mongolica (Mongolian oak)
- Quercus petraea (sessile oak)
- Quercus robur (pedunculate oak)
- Quercus rubra (northern red oak)
- Hamamelidaceae
- Lamiaceae
- Lauraceae
- Cryptocarya mackinnoniana (rusty laurel)
- Laurus novocanariensis
- Neolitsea aciculata
- Ocotea foetens
- Persea indica
- Magnoliaceae
- Malvaceae
- Argyrodendron peralatum (red crowsfoot)
- Franciscodendron laurifolium (cabbage crowsfoot)
- Heritiera littoralis (keeled-pod mangrove)
- Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood)
- Pterocymbium tinctorium
- Tilia begoniifolia (Caucasian linden)
- Tilia cordata (small-leaved linden)
- Tilia maximowicziana
- Tilia platyphyllos (large-leaved linden)
- Meliaceae
- Monimiaceae
- Moraceae
- Myricaceae
- Myristicaceae
- Myrtaceae
- Backhousia bancroftii (Johnstone River hardwood)
- Eucalyptus amygdalina (black peppermint)
- Eucalyptus angophoroides (apple-topped box)
- Eucalyptus cypellocarpa (mountain grey gum)
- Eucalyptus dalrympleana (white mountain gum)
- Eucalyptus delegatensis (alpine ash)
- Eucalyptus fastigata (brown barrel)
- Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum)
- Eucalyptus macarthurii (Camden woollybutt)
- Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (red stringybark)
- Eucalyptus muelleriana (yellow stringybark)
- Eucalyptus nitida (Smithton peppermint)
- Eucalyptus obliqua (messmate stringybark)
- Eucalyptus pauciflora (snow gum)
- Eucalyptus pseudoglobulus (Gippsland blue gum)
- Eucalyptus regnans (mountain ash)
- Eucalyptus viminalis (manna gum)
- Leptospermum lanigerum (woolly tea-tree)
- Lindsayomyrtus racemoides (Daintree penda)
- Melaleuca squarrosa (scented paperbark)
- Rhodamnia sessiliflora (iron malletwood)
- Syzygium hedraiophyllum (red satinash)
- Syzygium monimioides (satinash)
- Syzygium wesa (white Eungella gum)
- Tristaniopsis laurina (water gum)
- Tristaniopsis whiteana
- Xanthostemon chrysanthus (golden penda)
- Nothofagaceae
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus americana (white ash)
- Fraxinus angustifolia (narrow-leaved ash)
- Fraxinus excelsior (European ash)
- Fraxinus nigra (black ash)
- Fraxinus ornus (manna ash)
- Fraxinus pennsylvanica (red ash)
- Notelaea venosa (veined mock-olive)
- Olea paniculata (marblewood)
- Picconia excelsa
- Pandanaceae
- Pittosporaceae
- Bursaria spinosa (prickly box)
- Pittosporum bicolor (banyalla)
- Pittosporum undulatum (sweet pittosporum)
- Proteaceae
- Banksia marginata (silver banksia)
- Cenarrhenes nitida (Port Arthur plum)
- Lomatia myricoides (river lomatia)
- Musgravea stenostachya (grey silky oak)
- Neorites kevedianus (fishtail silky oak)
- Rhamnaceae
- Frangula alnus (alder buckthorn)
- Frangula purshiana (cascara buckthorn)
- Pomaderris apetala (dogwood)
- Pomaderris aspera (hazel pomaderris)
- Rhamnus glandulosa
- Rhizophoraceae
- Rosaceae
- Amelanchier alnifolia (saskatoon)
- Amelanchier arborea (downy serviceberry)
- Aria alnifolia (alder-leafed whitebeam)
- Aria edulis (whitebeam)
- Crataegus douglasii (black hawthorn)
- Crataegus germanica (common medlar)
- Crataegus laevigata (midland hawthorn)
- Crataegus monogyna (single-seeded hawthorn)
- Crataegus rhipidophylla (sawtoothed hawthorn)
- Hedlundia austriaca (Austrian whitebeam)
- Malus fusca (Pacific crabapple)
- Prunus avium (wild cherry)
- Prunus cerasifera (cherry plum)
- Prunus laurocerasus (cherry laurel)
- Prunus maximowiczii (Miyama cherry)
- Prunus nipponica
- Prunus pensylvanica (pin cherry)
- Prunus virginiana (chokecherry)
- Pyrus communis (wild pear)
- Sorbus americana (American mountain-ash)
- Sorbus aucuparia (European rowan)
- Sorbus commixta (Japanese rowan)
- Sorbus decora (showy mountain-ash)
- Torminalis clusii (wild service tree)
- Rutaceae
- Dinosperma stipitatum (mountain turkey bush)
- Medicosma fareana (white aspen)
- Nematolepis squamea (lancewood)
- Phellodendron amurense (Amur cork tree)
- Salicaceae
- Populus balsamifera (balsam poplar)
- Populus deltoides (plains cottonwood)
- Populus grandidentata (large-tooth aspen)
- Populus nigra (black poplar)
- Populus tremula (common aspen)
- Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen)
- Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood)
- Salix alba (white willow)
- Salix bebbiana (beaked willow)
- Salix canariensis
- Salix caprea (goat willow)
- Salix exigua (sandbar willow)
- Salix hultenii
- Salix pentandra (bay willow)
- Salix sitchensis (Sitka willow)
- Salix viminalis (common osier)
- Santalaceae
- Sapindaceae
- Acer campestre (field maple)
- Acer cappadocicum (Cappadocian maple)
- Acer circinatum (vine maple)
- Acer glabrum (Douglas maple)
- Acer heldreichii (Heldreich's maple)
- Acer hyrcanum (Balkan maple)
- Acer japonicum (downy Japanese maple)
- Acer macrophyllum (bigleaf maple)
- Acer pensylvanicum (striped maple)
- Acer pictum (painted maple)
- Acer platanoides (Norway maple)
- Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple)
- Acer rubrum (red maple)
- Acer saccharum (sugar maple)
- Acer spicatum (mountain maple)
- Acer trautvetteri (red-bud maple)
- Acer tschonoskii
- Acer ukurunduense (ukurundu maple)
- Acer velutinum (velvet maple)
- Sapotaceae
- Symplocaceae
- Tetramelaceae
- Theaceae
- Trochodendraceae
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus americana (American elm)
- Ulmus glabra (wych elm)
- Ulmus laevis (European white elm)
- Ulmus minor (field elm)
- Winteraceae
Abies alba (European silver fir, Pinaceae)
- Height 54 m, girth 504 cm. Other trees are A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro at 1266 m.
- Girth 514 cm, height 48 m. Ulmus glabra (wych elm, larger leaning trunk), Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, multi-trunked tree, left background) and Fagus sylvatica (European beech, other trunks). Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro at 1260 m.
- The same specimen as in the previous image. Biogradska Gora National Park.
- Also thin trunks and foliage of Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro, at 1220 m.
- Bases of A. alba, left, and Prunus avium (wild cherry) on shore of Biogradsko Jezero, Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro.
- A. alba, left; Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple), leaning trees; Fagus sylvatica (European beech), background. Biogradska Rijeka in Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro, at about 1100 m.
- 56.2-metre Picea abies (Norway spruce) on the right. The other big P. abies, left centre, is 56.0 m tall with a girth of 540 cm. Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, mossy trunks) and Fagus sylvatica (European beech, pale trunks). The conifer saplings are A. alba except the nearest, which is P. abies. Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro, at 1270 m.
- 59-metre Picea abies (Norway spruce) emerging from conifer canopy. Left from it A. alba and right P. abies. Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple) and Ulmus glabra (wych elm, left). Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro, at 1200 m.
- Ulmus glabra (wych elm), height 40 m, girth 492 cm. A. alba (left) and Fraxinus excelsior (European ash, right). Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro.
- Two large Ulmus glabra (wych elm) trees. Right: height 38 m, girth 541 cm; left: height 38 m, girth 450 cm. Young A. alba and Picea abies (Norway spruce, partly hidden behind foreground U. glabra). Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro at 1270 m.
- Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple) grove. Dead double-trunked A. pseudoplatanus (centre), height 40.6 m, girth 542 cm (taller trunk 360 cm). Shrub on its left: Corylus avellana (common hazel). Some Fagus sylvatica (European beech, smooth grey trunk) and A. alba. Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce). Height 56.2 m, girth 671 cm, volume 40-50 cubic metres. A. alba foliage, foreground. Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro, at 1270 m.
- Fagus sylvatica (European beech) and A. alba (narrow dark crowns) dominated forest. Biogradsko Jezero in Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro, at 1100 m.
- Seasonally flooded Salix alba (white willow) forest. On slopes, Fagus sylvatica (European beech) - A. alba dominated forest. Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro.
- Bottom: seasonally flooded Salix alba (white willow) forest; behind it Alnus incana (grey alder) - Fraxinus excelsior (European ash) forest; on lower slopes Fagus sylvatica (European beech) dominated forest; on upper slopes A. alba dominated forest; top right: narrow crowns of Picea abies (Norway spruce); extreme left: two large Fraxinus excelsior (European ash). Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro.
- 51.8-metre A. alba at approx. 1400 m. Perućica Nature Reserve, Bosnia-Herzegovina.
- Height 52 m, girth 526 cm, at approx. 1400 m. Other trees: A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Perućica Nature Reserve, Bosnia-Herzegovina.
- 52-metre A. alba, left foreground. Behind it with top visible 54-metre A. alba (girth 400 cm). 57-metre Picea abies (Norway spruce, girth 340 cm), to right of Michael Spraggon. Young Fagus sylvatica (European beech), right. Elev. 1050 m. Perućica Nature Reserve, Bosnia-Herzegovina.
- A. alba - Fagus sylvatica (European beech) forest at approx. 1400 m. Perućica Nature Reserve, Bosnia-Herzegovina.
- Left background dark Picea abies (Norway spruce), height 52 m, girth 437 cm. Another dark P. abies right background. Other trees: A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Allium ursinum (ramsons) on forest floor. Perućica Nature Reserve, Bosnia-Herzegovina.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce), height 49 m, girth 534 cm, at approx. 1500 m. Other trees: A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Perućica Nature Reserve, Bosnia-Herzegovina.
- Fagus sylvatica (European beech) - A. alba forest. Elev. approx. 1500 m. Perućica Nature Reserve, Bosnia-Herzegovina.
- Ostrya carpinifolia (hop hornbeam) grove. A. alba saplings. Perućica Nature Reserve, Bosnia-Herzegovina.
- Pinus nigra (European black pine) grove at 1300 m. A. alba, and Fagus sylvatica (European beech) foliage. Perućica Nature Reserve, Bosnia-Herzegovina.
- Fagus sylvatica (European beech) forest. A. alba saplings. Stužica National Nature Reserve, Slovakia.
- Fagus sylvatica (European beech) forest. A. alba saplings. Stužica National Nature Reserve, Slovakia.
- A. alba - Fagus sylvatica (European beech) forest. 54-metre A. alba, left centre. Dobroč National Nature Reserve, Slovakia.
- A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech, with smooth grey bark). Dobroč National Nature Reserve, Slovakia.
- Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, right centre), height 39.1 m, girth 292 cm. Other trees: A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Dobroč National Nature Reserve, Slovakia.
- Two A. alba with rough bark. Fagus sylvatica (European beech), other trees. Hans-Watzlik-Hain, Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany.
- Large A. alba and Picea abies (Norway spruce, the larger of the fused trunks) and thin Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Mittelsteighütte, Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany.
- A. alba (centre and large trees background) and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Hans-Watzlik-Hain, Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce, straight trunks), A. alba (large tree centre background and foliage right), Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, thin trunks and foliage, foreground), Fagus sylvatica (European beech, right centre and below the cliff). Höllbachgspreng, Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce) forest. A. alba saplings. Höllbachgspreng, Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce) forest. A. alba saplings and seedlings. Fagus sylvatica (European beech) foliage, left. Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple) foliage, right. Höllbachgspreng, Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce) forest. P. abies and A. alba saplings, the latter with bluegreen foliage. Large Fagus sylvatica (European beech), centre background. Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple), left centre. Höllbachgspreng, Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce) forest. A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech) saplings. Höllbachgspreng, Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany.
- Dead A. alba, girth 385 cm, with adjacent live young A. alba. Small Fagus sylvatica (European beech) in the background. Rothwald Primeval Forest.
- The top of 49-metre A. alba (centre). Other trees: A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Rothwald Primeval Forest.
- 49-metre A. alba. Other trees: A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Rothwald Primeval Forest.
- Seedlings of Picea abies (Norway spruce, top left and right), A. alba (bottom centre and right), Fagus sylvatica (European beech, bottom left) and Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, centre). Rothwald Primeval Forest.
- A. alba, Fagus sylvatica (European beech) and Picea abies (Norway spruce, background centre with reddish trunk). Rothwald Primeval Forest.
- 52-metre Picea abies (Norway spruce). Also A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Rothwald Primeval Forest.
- A. alba (background and the grey trunk on the left) and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Rothwald Primeval Forest.
- A. alba, height 52.0 m, girth 289 cm. Other trees: A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Elev. approx. 1550 m. Parangalitsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bulgaria.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce), A. alba (e.g. saplings foreground) and Salix caprea (goat willow). Elev. approx. 1650 m. Parangalitsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bulgaria.
- Picea abies (Norway spruce), A. alba (e.g. foreground left) and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Elev. approx. 1650 m. Parangalitsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bulgaria.
- On the left 51.7-metre A. alba at the edge of a small wetland. Other trees: Fagus sylvatica (European beech) and Picea abies (Norway spruce). Žofínský prales National Nature Reserve, Czechia.
- Foreground (south-facing slope): Acer platanoides (Norway maple, extreme left), A, alba (left and centre), Fagus sylvatica (European beech, left), Pinus peuce (Macedonian pine, right) and Betula pendula (silver birch, right). Background (north-facing slope) mostly Picea abies (Norway spruce), A. alba and B. pendula. Rila Monastery Forest Reserve, Bulgaria.
- North-facing slope. Betula pendula (silver birch, broadleaf trees), Pinus peuce (Macedonian pine, conifers with light green crowns), Picea abies (Norway spruce, medium green crowns), A. alba (dark green crowns). Rila Monastery Forest Reserve, Bulgaria.
- North-facing slope on the left, south-facing slope on the right. Betula pendula (silver birch, foreground), Pinus peuce (Macedonian pine, the trees behind B. pendula), A. alba (left between P. peuce trees). Rila Monastery Forest Reserve, Bulgaria.
- A. alba dominated forest. Also Pinus nigra (European black pine, right), Picea abies (Norway spruce, larger tree, centre) and Fagus sylvatica (European beech, saplings). Baiuvi dupki-Dzhindzhiritsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bulgaria.
- Seedlings of Pinus peuce (Macedonian pine, centre), A. alba (bottom right) and Fagus sylvatica (European beech, top right). Long cone of P. peuce and shorter of Pinus nigra (European black pine). Baiuvi dupki-Dzhindzhiritsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bulgaria.
- Acer heldreichii (Heldreich's maple). Background: A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Baiuvi dupki-Dzhindzhiritsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bulgaria.
- Pinus peuce (Macedonian pine). Also A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Baiuvi dupki-Dzhindzhiritsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bulgaria.
- Pinus nigra (European black pine) grove. Also A. alba saplings. Baiuvi dupki-Dzhindzhiritsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bulgaria.
- Pinus nigra (European black pine) grove. Also two Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine, left with reddish trunks), saplings of Fagus sylvatica (European beech) and A. alba. Baiuvi dupki-Dzhindzhiritsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bulgaria.
- A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Baiuvi dupki-Dzhindzhiritsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bulgaria.
- Pinus heldreichii (Bosnian pine). Also A. alba (left) and Fagus sylvatica (European beech, right). Baiuvi dupki-Dzhindzhiritsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bulgaria.
- Taxus baccata (European yew). Background: A. alba and Fagus sylvatica (European beech). Baiuvi dupki-Dzhindzhiritsa Strict Nature Reserve, Bulgaria.
- Fagus sylvatica (European beech) and A. alba. Izvoarele Nerei Nature Reserve, Romania.
