- FERNS
- Cyatheaceae
- Dicksoniaceae
- GYMNOSPERMS
- Araucariaceae
- Cupressaceae
- Athrotaxis selaginoides (King Billy pine)
- Calocedrus decurrens (California incense-cedar)
- Chamaecyparis obtusa (Japanese cypress)
- Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar)
- Juniperus communis (common juniper)
- Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood)
- Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia)
- Thuja occidentalis (white-cedar)
- Thuja plicata (western redcedar)
- Pinaceae
- Abies alba (European silver fir)
- Abies amabilis (Pacific silver fir)
- Abies balsamea (balsam fir)
- Abies firma (momi fir)
- Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir)
- Abies lowiana (California white fir)
- Abies magnifica (red fir)
- Abies nordmanniana (Nordmann fir)
- Abies procera (noble fir)
- Abies sachalinensis (Sakhalin fir)
- Larix laricina (tamarack larch)
- Picea abies (Norway spruce)
- Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce)
- Picea glauca (white spruce)
- Picea jezoensis (jezo spruce)
- Picea mariana (black spruce)
- Picea obovata (Siberian spruce)
- Picea orientalis (Caucasian spruce)
- Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce)
- Pinus albicaulis (whitebark pine)
- Pinus banksiana (jack pine)
- Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine)
- Pinus heldreichii (Bosnian pine)
- Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey pine)
- Pinus lambertiana (sugar pine)
- Pinus monticola (western white pine)
- Pinus nigra (European black pine)
- Pinus peuce (Macedonian pine)
- Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine)
- Pinus pumila (Siberian dwarf pine)
- Pinus resinosa (red pine)
- Pinus strobus (eastern white pine)
- Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine)
- Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir)
- Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock)
- Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock)
- Tsuga mertensiana (mountain hemlock)
- Tsuga sieboldii (southern Japanese hemlock)
- Podocarpaceae
- Taxaceae
- Taxus baccata (European yew)
- Zamiaceae
- ANGIOSPERMS
- Adoxaceae
- Sambucus nigra (black elder)
- Sambucus racemosa (red elderberry)
- Viburnum opulus (guelder rose)
- Viburnum rigidum
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex aquifolium (European holly)
- Ilex canariensis (small-leaved holly)
- Ilex colchica
- Ilex integra (mochi tree)
- Araliaceae
- Arecaceae
- Archontophoenix alexandrae (Alexandra palm)
- Licuala ramsayi (fan palm)
- Linospadix minor (walking stick palm)
- Normanbya normanbyi (black palm)
- Asteraceae
- Bedfordia arborescens (blanket leaf)
- Bedfordia salicina (blanket leaf)
- Olearia argophylla (musk daisybush)
- Atherospermataceae
- Betulaceae
- Alnus glutinosa (black alder)
- Alnus incana (grey alder)
- Alnus rubra (red alder)
- Alnus viridis (green alder)
- Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch)
- Betula cordifolia (mountain paper birch)
- Betula ermanii (Erman's birch)
- Betula medwediewii (Caucasian birch)
- Betula occidentalis (water birch)
- Betula papyrifera (paper birch)
- Betula pendula (silver birch)
- Betula pubescens (downy birch)
- Carpinus betulus (European hornbeam)
- Carpinus orientalis (oriental hornbeam)
- Corylus avellana (common hazel)
- Corylus colurna (Turkish hazel)
- Ostrya carpinifolia (hop hornbeam)
- Ostrya virginiana (American hophornbeam)
- Buxaceae
- Calophyllaceae
- Casuarinaceae
- Cercidiphyllaceae
- Clethraceae
- Cornaceae
- Cunoniaceae
- Anodopetalum biglandulosum (horizontal)
- Eucryphia lucida (leatherwood)
- Vesselowskya rubifolia (southern marara)
- Daphniphyllaceae
- Ebenaceae
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeocarpaceae
- Aceratium megalospermum (carabeen)
- Elaeocarpus holopetalus (black olive berry)
- Elaeocarpus reticulatus (blueberry ash)
- Elaeocarpus sylvestris
- Sloanea langii (white carabeen)
- Ericaceae
- Erica arborea (heath tree)
- Erica scoparia (besom heath)
- Rhododendron ponticum (pontic rhododendron)
- Rhododendron tashiroi
- Rhododendron ungernii
- Trochocarpa montana (mountain tree heath)
- Vaccinium arctostaphylos (Caucasian whortleberry)
- Vaccinium padifolium
- Escalloniaceae
- Euphorbiaceae
- Fabaceae
- Acacia celsa (hickory wattle)
- Acacia dealbata (silver wattle)
- Acacia falciformis (mountain hickory)
- Acacia floribunda (gossamer wattle)
- Acacia melanoxylon (Australian blackwood)
- Albizia julibrissin (Persian silk tree)
- Fagaceae
- Castanea sativa (sweet chestnut)
- Fagus grandifolia (American beech)
- Fagus orientalis (oriental beech)
- Fagus sylvatica (European beech)
- Quercus acuta (Japanese evergreen oak)
- Quercus castaneifolia (chestnut-leaved oak)
- Quercus cerris (Turkey oak)
- Quercus kelloggii (California black oak)
- Quercus macranthera (Caucasian oak)
- Quercus mongolica (Mongolian oak)
- Quercus petraea (sessile oak)
- Quercus robur (pedunculate oak)
- Quercus rubra (northern red oak)
- Hamamelidaceae
- Lamiaceae
- Lauraceae
- Cryptocarya mackinnoniana (rusty laurel)
- Laurus novocanariensis
- Neolitsea aciculata
- Ocotea foetens
- Persea indica
- Magnoliaceae
- Malvaceae
- Argyrodendron peralatum (red crowsfoot)
- Franciscodendron laurifolium (cabbage crowsfoot)
- Heritiera littoralis (keeled-pod mangrove)
- Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood)
- Tilia cordata (small-leaved linden)
- Tilia dasystyla
- Tilia maximowicziana
- Tilia platyphyllos (large-leaved linden)
- Meliaceae
- Monimiaceae
- Moraceae
- Myricaceae
- Myrtaceae
- Backhousia bancroftii (Johnstone River hardwood)
- Eucalyptus amygdalina (black peppermint)
- Eucalyptus angophoroides (apple-topped box)
- Eucalyptus cypellocarpa (mountain grey gum)
- Eucalyptus dalrympleana (white mountain gum)
- Eucalyptus delegatensis (alpine ash)
- Eucalyptus fastigata (brown barrel)
- Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum)
- Eucalyptus macarthurii (Camden woollybutt)
- Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (red stringybark)
- Eucalyptus muelleriana (yellow stringybark)
- Eucalyptus nitida (Smithton peppermint)
- Eucalyptus obliqua (messmate stringybark)
- Eucalyptus pauciflora (snow gum)
- Eucalyptus pseudoglobulus (Gippsland blue gum)
- Eucalyptus regnans (mountain ash)
- Eucalyptus viminalis (manna gum)
- Leptospermum lanigerum (woolly tea-tree)
- Lindsayomyrtus racemoides (Daintree penda)
- Melaleuca squarrosa (scented paperbark)
- Rhodamnia sessiliflora (iron malletwood)
- Syzygium hedraiophyllum (red satinash)
- Syzygium monimioides (satinash)
- Syzygium wesa (white Eungella gum)
- Tristaniopsis laurina (water gum)
- Xanthostemon chrysanthus (golden penda)
- Nothofagaceae
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus americana (white ash)
- Fraxinus angustifolia (narrow-leaved ash)
- Fraxinus excelsior (European ash)
- Fraxinus nigra (black ash)
- Fraxinus ornus (manna ash)
- Fraxinus pennsylvanica (red ash)
- Notelaea venosa (veined mock-olive)
- Olea paniculata (marblewood)
- Picconia excelsa
- Pandanaceae
- Pittosporaceae
- Bursaria spinosa (prickly box)
- Pittosporum bicolor (banyalla)
- Pittosporum undulatum (sweet pittosporum)
- Proteaceae
- Banksia marginata (silver banksia)
- Cenarrhenes nitida (Port Arthur plum)
- Lomatia myricoides (river lomatia)
- Musgravea stenostachya (grey silky oak)
- Neorites kevedianus (fishtail silky oak)
- Rhamnaceae
- Frangula alnus (alder buckthorn)
- Frangula purshiana (cascara buckthorn)
- Pomaderris apetala (dogwood)
- Pomaderris aspera (hazel pomaderris)
- Rhizophoraceae
- Rosaceae
- Amelanchier alnifolia (saskatoon)
- Amelanchier arborea (downy serviceberry)
- Aria alnifolia (alder-leafed whitebeam)
- Crataegus douglasii (black hawthorn)
- Crataegus germanica (common medlar)
- Crataegus laevigata (midland hawthorn)
- Crataegus monogyna (single-seeded hawthorn)
- Crataegus rhipidophylla (sawtoothed hawthorn)
- Hedlundia austriaca (Austrian whitebeam)
- Malus fusca (Pacific crabapple)
- Prunus avium (wild cherry)
- Prunus cerasifera (cherry plum)
- Prunus laurocerasus (cherry laurel)
- Prunus maximowiczii (Miyama cherry)
- Prunus nipponica
- Prunus pensylvanica (pin cherry)
- Prunus virginiana (chokecherry)
- Pyrus communis (wild pear)
- Sorbus americana (American mountain-ash)
- Sorbus aucuparia (European rowan)
- Sorbus commixta (Japanese rowan)
- Sorbus decora (showy mountain-ash)
- Torminalis glaberrima (wild service tree)
- Rutaceae
- Dinosperma stipitatum (mountain turkey bush)
- Medicosma fareana (white aspen)
- Nematolepis squamea (lancewood)
- Phellodendron amurense (Amur cork tree)
- Salicaceae
- Populus balsamifera (balsam poplar)
- Populus deltoides (plains cottonwood)
- Populus grandidentata (large-tooth aspen)
- Populus nigra (black poplar)
- Populus tremula (common aspen)
- Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen)
- Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood)
- Salix alba (white willow)
- Salix bebbiana (beaked willow)
- Salix canariensis
- Salix caprea (goat willow)
- Salix exigua (sandbar willow)
- Salix hultenii
- Salix myrsinifolia (dark-leaved willow)
- Salix pentandra (bay willow)
- Salix sitchensis (Sitka willow)
- Salix viminalis (common osier)
- Santalaceae
- Sapindaceae
- Acer campestre (field maple)
- Acer cappadocicum (Cappadocian maple)
- Acer circinatum (vine maple)
- Acer glabrum (Douglas maple)
- Acer heldreichii (Heldreich's maple)
- Acer hyrcanum (Balkan maple)
- Acer japonicum (downy Japanese maple)
- Acer macrophyllum (bigleaf maple)
- Acer pensylvanicum (striped maple)
- Acer pictum (painted maple)
- Acer platanoides (Norway maple)
- Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple)
- Acer rubrum (red maple)
- Acer saccharum (sugar maple)
- Acer spicatum (mountain maple)
- Acer tschonoskii
- Acer ukurunduense (ukurundu maple)
- Acer velutinum (velvet maple)
- Sapotaceae
- Symplocaceae
- Theaceae
- Trochodendraceae
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus americana (American elm)
- Ulmus glabra (wych elm)
- Ulmus laevis (European white elm)
- Ulmus minor (field elm)
- Winteraceae
Fagus sylvatica (European beech, Fagaceae)
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Heilige Hallen Nature Reserve , Germany.
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Heilige Hallen Nature Reserve , Germany.
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Heilige Hallen Nature Reserve , Germany.
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Heilige Hallen Nature Reserve , Germany.
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Heilige Hallen Nature Reserve , Germany.
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Carpinus betulus (European hornbeam) group. Background left, bigger F. sylvatica . Heilige Hallen Nature Reserve , Germany.
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Boatin Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Boatin Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Boatin Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Boatin Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Boatin Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Jasmund National Park , Germany.
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Izvoarele Nerei Nature Reserve , Romania.
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Izvoarele Nerei Nature Reserve , Romania.
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Izvoarele Nerei Nature Reserve , Romania.
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Izvoarele Nerei Nature Reserve , Romania.
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F. sylvatica and Abies alba (European silver fir). Izvoarele Nerei Nature Reserve , Romania.
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Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro.
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Also Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, scaly bark). Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro, at 1120 m.
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Also Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, reddish bark). Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro, at about 1100 m.
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F. sylvatica and Abies alba (European silver fir, narrow dark crowns) dominated forest. Biogradsko Jezero in Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro, at 1100 m.
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Abies alba (European silver fir), height 54 m, girth 504 cm. Other trees are A. alba and F. sylvatica . Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro at 1266 m.
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Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple) in F. sylvatica forest. Girth 462 cm. Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro, at 1100 m.
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Tilia platyphyllos (large-leaved linden), height 39 cm. F. sylvatica (right). Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro, at 1100 m.
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Salix caprea (goat willow). F. sylvatica , right. Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro.
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Abies alba (European silver fir) dominated forest. Thin trunks and foliage of F. sylvatica . Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro, at 1220 m.
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Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple) dominated forest. F. sylvatica (smooth bark). Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro, at about 1100 m.
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Two 56-metre Picea abies (Norway spruce), right (girth 671 cm) and left centre (girth 540 cm). F. sylvatica (pale trunks) and Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, mossy trunks). The conifer saplings are Abies alba (European silver fir) except the nearest, which is P. abies . Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro, at 1270 m.
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Double-trunked Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple), height 41 m, girth 542 cm (taller trunk 360 cm). A. pseudo- platanus also left background and right; F. sylvatica , centre background; Corylus avellana (common hazel), shrub, left. Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro.
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F. sylvatica , background; Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple), leaning trees; Abies alba (European silver fir), left. Biogradska Rijeka in Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro, at about 1100 m.
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Abies alba (European silver fir). Girth 514 cm, height 48 m. Ulmus glabra (wych elm, larger leaning trunk), Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, multi-trunked tree, left background) and F. sylvatica (other trunks). Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro at 1260 m.
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Bottom: seasonally flooded Salix alba (white willow) forest; behind it Alnus incana (grey alder) - Fraxinus excelsior (European ash) forest; on lower slopes F. sylvatica dominated forest; on upper slopes Abies alba (European silver fir) dominated forest; top right: narrow crowns of Picea abies (Norway spruce); extreme left: two large Fraxinus excelsior (European ash). Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro.
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Some broadleaf trees of Biogradska Gora National Park , Montenegro.
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Steneto Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Steneto Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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F. sylvatica forest. On the rock on the right, Fraxinus excelsior (European ash, tree) and Sambucus nigra (black elder, shrub). Steneto Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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F. sylvatica forest. Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple) between the two nearest trees. Steneto Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Mainly Abies alba (European silver fir), Picea abies (Norway spruce) and F. sylvatica on a wall of Steneto Gorge. Steneto Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Steneto Gorge. Mainly Abies alba (European silver fir), Picea abies (Norway spruce) and F. sylvatica . Steneto Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Ostrya carpinifolia (hop hornbeam, left) and Picea abies (Norway spruce, left centre) on rock in Steneto Gorge. Other trees: F. sylvatica . Steneto Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Acer heldreichii (Heldreich's maple) in F. sylvatica forest. Steneto Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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In the foreground Picea abies (Norway spruce) at the timberline. In the background mainly Abies alba (European silver fir), P. abies and F. sylvatica . Steneto Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, two trees in the foreground and one on the rigth with a broken branch); Fraxinus excelsior (European ash, immediately left and almost hidden by the largest A. pseudoplatanus ); F. sylvatica (other trees). Steneto Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Steneto Gorge. Mainly Abies alba (European silver fir), Picea abies (Norway spruce) and F. sylvatica . Also Pinus nigra (European black pine), bottom with long branches. Steneto Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Steneto Gorge. Ostrya carpinifolia (hop hornbeam) foliage in the foreground. Mainly Abies alba (European silver fir), Picea abies (Norway spruce) and F. sylvatica in the background. Steneto Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Dzhendema Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Dzhendema Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Canopy of F. sylvatica dominated forest. Dzhendema Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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A single Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, dark trunk) has survived severe competition with the dominant F. sylvatica forest due to its favourable position on the bank of a small stream. Dzhendema Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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F. sylvatica dominated forest. Dzhendema Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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F. sylvatica dominated forest. Dzhendema Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Some tree species of Dzhendema Strict Nature Reserve , Bulgaria.
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Mittelsteighütte, Bavarian Forest National Park , Germany.
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Two Abies alba (European silver fir) with rough bark. F. sylvatica , other trees. Hans-Watzlik-Hain, Bavarian Forest National Park , Germany.
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Picea abies (Norway spruce) - F. sylvatica forest. Höllbachgspreng, Bavarian Forest National Park , Germany.
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Large Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple). Two further A. pseudoplatanus , left background. F. sylvatica , thin trees. Höllbachgspreng, Bavarian Forest National Park , Germany.
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Large Abies alba (European silver fir) and Picea abies (Norway spruce, the larger of the fused trunks) and thin F. sylvatica . Mittelsteighütte, Bavarian Forest National Park , Germany.
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Picea abies (Norway spruce) seedlings. In the background P. abies (larger trunk) and F. sylvatica . Höllbachgspreng, Bavarian Forest National Park , Germany.
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Picea abies (Norway spruce) forest. Abies alba (European silver fir) saplings and seedlings. F. sylvatica foliage, left. Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple) foliage, right. Höllbachgspreng, Bavarian Forest National Park , Germany.
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Picea abies (Norway spruce) forest. P. abies and Abies alba (European silver fir) saplings, the latter with bluegreen foliage. Large F. sylvatica , centre background. Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple), left centre. Höllbachgspreng, Bavarian Forest National Park , Germany.
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Picea abies (Norway spruce) forest. Abies alba (European silver fir) and F. sylvatica saplings. Höllbachgspreng, Bavarian Forest National Park , Germany.
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Picea abies (Norway spruce, straight trunks), Abies alba (European silver fir, large tree centre background and foliage right), Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, thin trunks and foliage, foreground), F. sylvatica (right centre and below the cliff). Höllbachgspreng, Bavarian Forest National Park , Germany.
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Havešová National Nature Reserve , Slovakia.
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Havešová National Nature Reserve , Slovakia.
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Hainich National Park , Germany.
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Quercus robur (pedunculate oak, centre) in F. sylvatica forest. Hainich National Park , Germany.
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Torminalis glaberrima (syn. Sorbus torminalis , wild service tree) in F. sylvatica forest. Hainich National Park , Germany.
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F. sylvatica (smooth bark), Fraxinus excelsior (European ash, furrowed bark), Carpinus betulus (European hornbeam, striped bark). Hainich National Park , Germany.
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Tilia × europaea (common linden, foreground), Tilia cordata (small-leaved linden, next left from T. x europaea ), F. sylvatica (other trees). Hainich National Park , Germany.
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Prunus avium (wild cherry). Also Fraxinus excelsior (European ash, large trees with fissured bark), Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, right centre) and F. sylvatica (smooth grey bark). Hainich National Park , Germany.
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Hainich National Park , Germany.
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F. sylvatica forest. Carpinus betulus (European hornbeam), striped tree, left. Hainich National Park , Germany.
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Carpinus betulus (European hornbeam) in F. sylvatica forest. Hainich National Park , Germany.
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Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple) in F. sylvatica forest. Hainich National Park , Germany.
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Ulmus glabra (wych elm) in F. sylvatica forest. Hainich National Park , Germany.
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Two Fraxinus excelsior (European ash), foreground. Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple), right. Other trees: F. sylvatica . Hainich National Park , Germany.
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Fraxinus excelsior (European ash, big trees, left and right), Carpinus betulus (European hornbeam, 2 striped trees, centre), F. sylvatica (other trees). Hainich National Park , Germany.
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Tilia platyphyllos (large-leaved linden) in F. sylvatica forest. Hainich National Park , Germany.
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Some tree species of Hainich National Park , Germany.
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Fauler Ort Nature Reserve , Germany.
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F. sylvatica (right and young trees), Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, centre), Tilia platyphyllos (large-leaved linden, background left). Fauler Ort Nature Reserve , Germany.
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Tilia platyphyllos (large-leaved linden, foreground), Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, background centre right), F. sylvatica (big tree background right and young trees). Fauler Ort Nature Reserve , Germany.
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Stužica National Nature Reserve , Slovakia.
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Stužica National Nature Reserve , Slovakia.
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Stužica National Nature Reserve , Slovakia.
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Stužica National Nature Reserve , Slovakia.
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Stužica National Nature Reserve , Slovakia.
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Stužica National Nature Reserve , Slovakia.
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Stužica National Nature Reserve , Slovakia.
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F. sylvatica forest. Abies alba (European silver fir) saplings. Stužica National Nature Reserve , Slovakia.
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F. sylvatica forest. Abies alba (European silver fir) saplings. Stužica National Nature Reserve , Slovakia.
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F. sylvatica and Abies alba (European silver fir). Stužica National Nature Reserve , Slovakia.
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F. sylvatica dominated forest. Also Quercus petraea (sessile oak) with furrowed bark. Müritz National Park , Germany.
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F. sylvatica and Picea abies (Norway spruce). Rothwald Primeval Forest .
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Abies alba (European silver fir, background and the grey trunk on the left) and F. sylvatica . Rothwald Primeval Forest .
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Picea abies (Norway spruce) and F. sylvatica . Rothwald Primeval Forest .
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Abies alba (European silver fir) and F. sylvatica . Rothwald Primeval Forest .
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Abies alba (European silver fir), F. sylvatica and Picea abies (Norway spruce, background centre with reddish trunk). Rothwald Primeval Forest .
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Avalanche cleared gap. Abies alba (European silver fir), Picea abies (Norway spruce) and F. sylvatica . Rothwald Primeval Forest .
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Seedlings of Picea abies (Norway spruce, top left and right), Abies alba (European silver fir, bottom centre and right), F. sylvatica (bottom left) and Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple, centre). Rothwald Primeval Forest .